void dijkstra2(int s) {
	int queue[GRAPHSIZE];
	char inQueue[GRAPHSIZE];
	int begq = 0,
	    endq = 0;
	int i, mini;
	int visited[GRAPHSIZE];

	for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
		d2[i] = INFINITY;
		visited[i] = 0; /* the i-th element has not yet been visited */
		inQueue[i] = 0;
	}

	d2[s] = 0;
	queue[endq] = s;
	endq = (endq + 1) % GRAPHSIZE;


	while (begq != endq) {
		mini = queue[begq];
		begq = (begq + 1) % GRAPHSIZE;
		inQueue[mini] = 0;

		visited[mini] = 1;

		for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
			if (dist[mini][i])
				if (d2[mini] + dist[mini][i] < d2[i]) { 
					d2[i] = d2[mini] + dist[mini][i];
					if (!inQueue[i]) {
						queue[endq] = i;
						endq = (endq + 1) % GRAPHSIZE;
						inQueue[i] = 1;
					}
				}
	}
}

#include <stdio.h>

int n;
float a[10][11];

void forwardSubstitution() {
	int i, j, k, max;
	float t;
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		max = i;
		for (j = i + 1; j < n; ++j)
			if (a[j][i] > a[max][i])
				max = j;
		
		for (j = 0; j < n + 1; ++j) {
			t = a[max][j];
			a[max][j] = a[i][j];
			a[i][j] = t;
		}
		
		for (j = n; j >= i; --j)
			for (k = i + 1; k < n; ++k)
				a[k][j] -= a[k][i]/a[i][i] * a[i][j];

/*		for (k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
			for (j = 0; j < n + 1; ++j)
				printf("%.2f\t", a[k][j]);
			printf("\n");
		}*/
	}
}

void reverseElimination() {
	int i, j;
	for (i = n - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
		a[i][n] = a[i][n] / a[i][i];
		a[i][i] = 1;
		for (j = i - 1; j >= 0; --j) {
			a[j][n] -= a[j][i] * a[i][n];
			a[j][i] = 0;
		}
	}
}

void gauss() {
	int i, j;

	forwardSubstitution();
	reverseElimination();
	
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		for (j = 0; j < n + 1; ++j)
			printf("%.2f\t", a[i][j]);
		printf("\n");
	}
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	int i, j;

	FILE *fin = fopen("gauss.in", "r");
	fscanf(fin, "%d", &n);
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < n + 1; ++j)
			fscanf(fin, "%f", &a[i][j]);
	fclose(fin);
	
	gauss();
	
	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

#define GRAPHSIZE 2048
#define INFINITY GRAPHSIZE*GRAPHSIZE
#define MAX(a, b) ((a > b) ? (a) : (b))

int e; /* The number of nonzero edges in the graph */
int n; /* The number of nodes in the graph */
long dist[GRAPHSIZE][GRAPHSIZE]; /* dist[i][j] is the distance between node i and j; or 0 if there is no direct connection */
long d[GRAPHSIZE]; /* d[i] is the length of the shortest path between the source (s) and node i */

void printD() {
	int i;
	for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
		printf("%10d", i);
	printf("\n");
	for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
		printf("%10ld", d[i]);
	}
	printf("\n");
}

void dijkstra(int s) {
	int i, k, mini;
	int visited[GRAPHSIZE];

	for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) {
		d[i] = INFINITY;
		visited[i] = 0; /* the i-th element has not yet been visited */
	}

	d[s] = 0;

	for (k = 1; k <= n; ++k) {
		mini = -1;
		for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
			if (!visited[i] && ((mini == -1) || (d[i] < d[mini])))
				mini = i;

		visited[mini] = 1;

		for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i)
			if (dist[mini][i])
				if (d[mini] + dist[mini][i] < d[i]) 
					d[i] = d[mini] + dist[mini][i];
	}
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	int i, j;
	int u, v, w;

	FILE *fin = fopen("dist.txt", "r");
	fscanf(fin, "%d", &e);
	for (i = 0; i < e; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < e; ++j)
			dist[i][j] = 0;
	n = -1;
	for (i = 0; i < e; ++i) {
		fscanf(fin, "%d%d%d", &u, &v, &w);
		dist[u][v] = w;
		n = MAX(u, MAX(v, n));
	}
	fclose(fin);

	dijkstra(1);

	printD();

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

typedef struct {
	int u, v, w;
} Edge;

int n; /* the number of nodes */
int e; /* the number of edges */
Edge edges[1024]; /* large enough for n <= 2^5=32 */
int d[32]; /* d[i] is the minimum distance from node s to node i */

#define INFINITY 10000

void printDist() {
	int i;

	printf("Distances:\n");

	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		printf("to %d\t", i + 1);
	printf("\n");

	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		printf("%d\t", d[i]);

	printf("\n\n");
}

void bellman_ford(int s) {
	int i, j;

	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		d[i] = INFINITY;

	d[s] = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < n - 1; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < e; ++j)
			if (d[edges[j].u] + edges[j].w < d[edges[j].v])
				d[edges[j].v] = d[edges[j].u] + edges[j].w;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	int i, j;
	int w;

	FILE *fin = fopen("dist.txt", "r");
	fscanf(fin, "%d", &n);
	e = 0;

	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < n; ++j) {
			fscanf(fin, "%d", &w);
			if (w != 0) {
				edges[e].u = i;
				edges[e].v = j;
				edges[e].w = w;
				++e;
			}
		}
	fclose(fin);

	/* printDist(); */

	bellman_ford(0);

	printDist();

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

#define MAXWEIGHT 100

int n = 3; /* The number of objects */
int c[10] = {8, 6, 4}; /* c[i] is the *COST* of the ith object; i.e. what
				YOU PAY to take the object */
int v[10] = {16, 10, 7}; /* v[i] is the *VALUE* of the ith object; i.e.
				what YOU GET for taking the object */
int W = 10; /* The maximum weight you can take */ 

void fill_sack() {
	int a[MAXWEIGHT]; /* a[i] holds the maximum value that can be obtained
				using at most i weight */
	int last_added[MAXWEIGHT]; /* I use this to calculate which object were
					added */
	int i, j;
	int aux;

	for (i = 0; i <= W; ++i) {
		a[i] = 0;
		last_added[i] = -1;
	}

	a[0] = 0;
	for (i = 1; i <= W; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < n; ++j)
			if ((c[j] <= i) && (a[i] < a[i - c[j]] + v[j])) {
				a[i] = a[i - c[j]] + v[j];
				last_added[i] = j;
			}

	for (i = 0; i <= W; ++i)
		if (last_added[i] != -1)
			printf("Weight %d; Benefit: %d; To reach this weight I added object %d (%d$ %dKg) to weight %d.\n", i, a[i], last_added[i] + 1, v[last_added[i]], c[last_added[i]], i - c[last_added[i]]);
		else
			printf("Weight %d; Benefit: 0; Can't reach this exact weight.\n", i);

	printf("---\n");

	aux = W;
	while ((aux > 0) && (last_added[aux] != -1)) {
		printf("Added object %d (%d$ %dKg). Space left: %d\n", last_added[aux] + 1, v[last_added[aux]], c[last_added[aux]], aux - c[last_added[aux]]);
		aux -= c[last_added[aux]];
	}

	printf("Total value added: %d$\n", a[W]);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	fill_sack();

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int n = 5; /* The number of objects */
int c[10] = {12, 1, 2, 1, 4}; /* c[i] is the *COST* of the ith object; i.e. what
				YOU PAY to take the object */
int v[10] = {4, 2, 2, 1, 10}; /* v[i] is the *VALUE* of the ith object; i.e.
				what YOU GET for taking the object */
int W = 15; /* The maximum weight you can take */

void simple_fill() {
	int cur_w;
	float tot_v;
	int i, maxi;
	int used[10];

	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		used[i] = 0; /* I have not used the ith object yet */

	cur_w = W;
	while (cur_w > 0) { /* while there's still room*/
		/* Find the best object */
		maxi = -1;
		for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
			if ((used[i] == 0) &&
				((maxi == -1) || ((float)v[i]/c[i] > (float)v[maxi]/c[maxi])))
				maxi = i;

		used[maxi] = 1; /* mark the maxi-th object as used */
		cur_w -= c[maxi]; /* with the object in the bag, I can carry less */
		tot_v += v[maxi];
		if (cur_w >= 0)
			printf("Added object %d (%d$, %dKg) completly in the bag. Space left: %d.\n", maxi + 1, v[maxi], c[maxi], cur_w);
		else {
			printf("Added %d%% (%d$, %dKg) of object %d in the bag.\n", (int)((1 + (float)cur_w/c[maxi]) * 100), v[maxi], c[maxi], maxi + 1);
			tot_v -= v[maxi];
			tot_v += (1 + (float)cur_w/c[maxi]) * v[maxi];
		}
	}

	printf("Filled the bag with objects worth %.2f$.\n", tot_v);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	simple_fill();

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

int n; /* Then number of nodes */
int dist[16][16]; /* dist[i][j] is the length of the edge between i and j if
			it exists, or 0 if it does not */

void printDist() {
	int i, j;
	printf("    ");
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		printf("%4c", 'A' + i);
	printf("\n");
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
		printf("%4c", 'A' + i);
		for (j = 0; j < n; ++j)
			printf("%4d", dist[i][j]);
		printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");
}

/*
	floyd_warshall()

	after calling this function dist[i][j] will the the minimum distance
	between i and j if it exists (i.e. if there's a path between i and j)
	or 0, otherwise
*/
void floyd_warshall() {
	int i, j, k;
	for (k = 0; k < n; ++k) {
		printDist();
		for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
			for (j = 0; j < n; ++j)
				/* If i and j are different nodes and if 
					the paths between i and k and between
					k and j exist, do */
				if ((dist[i][k] * dist[k][j] != 0) && (i != j))
					/* See if you can't get a shorter path
						between i and j by interspacing
						k somewhere along the current
						path */
					if ((dist[i][k] + dist[k][j] < dist[i][j]) ||
						(dist[i][j] == 0))
						dist[i][j] = dist[i][k] + dist[k][j];
	}
	printDist();
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	FILE *fin = fopen("dist.txt", "r");
	fscanf(fin, "%d", &n);
	int i, j;
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < n; ++j)
			fscanf(fin, "%d", &dist[i][j]);
	fclose(fin);

	floyd_warshall();

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

/*
	The input file (weight.txt) look something like this
		4
		0 0 0 21
		0 0 8 17
		0 8 0 16
		21 17 16 0

	The first line contains n, the number of nodes.
	Next is an nxn matrix containg the distances between the nodes
	NOTE: The distance between a node and itself should be 0
*/

int n; /* The number of nodes in the graph */

int weight[100][100]; /* weight[i][j] is the distance between node i and node j;
			if there is no path between i and j, weight[i][j] should
			be 0 */

char inTree[100]; /* inTree[i] is 1 if the node i is already in the minimum
			spanning tree; 0 otherwise*/

int d[100]; /* d[i] is the distance between node i and the minimum spanning
		tree; this is initially infinity (100000); if i is already in
		the tree, then d[i] is undefined;
		this is just a temporary variable. It's not necessary but speeds
		up execution considerably (by a factor of n) */

int whoTo[100]; /* whoTo[i] holds the index of the node i would have to be
			linked to in order to get a distance of d[i] */

/* updateDistances(int target)
	should be called immediately after target is added to the tree;
	updates d so that the values are correct (goes through target's
	neighbours making sure that the distances between them and the tree
	are indeed minimum)
*/
void updateDistances(int target) {
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		if ((weight[target][i] != 0) && (d[i] > weight[target][i])) {
			d[i] = weight[target][i];
			whoTo[i] = target;
		}
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	FILE *f = fopen("dist.txt", "r");
	fscanf(f, "%d", &n);
	int i, j;
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		for (j = 0; j < n; ++j)
			fscanf(f, "%d", &weight[i][j]);
	fclose(f);

	/* Initialise d with infinity */
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		d[i] = 100000;

	/* Mark all nodes as NOT beeing in the minimum spanning tree */
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		inTree[i] = 0;

	/* Add the first node to the tree */
	printf("Adding node %c\n", 0 + 'A');
	inTree[0] = 1;
	updateDistances(0);

	int total = 0;
	int treeSize;
	for (treeSize = 1; treeSize < n; ++treeSize) {
		/* Find the node with the smallest distance to the tree */
		int min = -1;
		for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
			if (!inTree[i])
				if ((min == -1) || (d[min] > d[i]))
					min = i;

		/* And add it */
		printf("Adding edge %c-%c\n", whoTo[min] + 'A', min + 'A');
		inTree[min] = 1;
		total += d[min];

		updateDistances(min);
	}

	printf("Total distance: %d\n", total);

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

/* Prints out a combination like {1, 2} */
void printc(int comb[], int k) {
	printf("{");
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < k; ++i)
		printf("%d, ", comb[i] + 1);
	printf("\b\b}\n");
}

/*
	next_comb(int comb[], int k, int n)
		Generates the next combination of n elements as k after comb

	comb => the previous combination ( use (0, 1, 2, ..., k) for first)
	k => the size of the subsets to generate
	n => the size of the original set

	Returns: 1 if a valid combination was found
		0, otherwise
*/
int next_comb(int comb[], int k, int n) {
	int i = k - 1;
	++comb[i];
	while ((i >= 0) && (comb[i] >= n - k + 1 + i)) {
		--i;
		++comb[i];
	}

	if (comb[0] > n - k) /* Combination (n-k, n-k+1, ..., n) reached */
		return 0; /* No more combinations can be generated */

	/* comb now looks like (..., x, n, n, n, ..., n).
	Turn it into (..., x, x + 1, x + 2, ...) */
	for (i = i + 1; i < k; ++i)
		comb[i] = comb[i - 1] + 1;

	return 1;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	int n = 5; /* The size of the set; for {1, 2, 3, 4} it's 4 */
	int k = 3; /* The size of the subsets; for {1, 2}, {1, 3}, ... it's 2 */
	int comb[16]; /* comb[i] is the index of the i-th element in the
			combination */

	/* Setup comb for the initial combination */
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < k; ++i)
		comb[i] = i;

	/* Print the first combination */
	printc(comb, k);

	/* Generate and print all the other combinations */
	while (next_comb(comb, k, n))
		printc(comb, k);

	return 0;
}

#include <stdio.h>

void printv(int v[], int n) {
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
		printf("%d ", v[i]);
	printf("\n");
}

/*!
	This just swaps the values of a and b

	i.e if a = 1 and b = 2, after

		SWAP(a, b);

	a = 2 and b = 1
*/
#define SWAP(a, b) a = a + b - (b = a)

/*!
	Generates the next permutation of the vector v of length n.

	@return 1, if there are no more permutations to be generated

	@return 0, otherwise
*/
int next(int v[], int n) {
	/* P2 */
	/* Find the largest i */
	int i = n - 2;
	while ((i >= 0) && (v[i] > v[i + 1]))
		--i;

	/* If i is smaller than 0, then there are no more permutations. */
	if (i < 0)
		return 1;

	/* Find the largest element after vi but not larger than vi */
	int k = n - 1;
	while (v[i] > v[k])
		--k;
	SWAP(v[i], v[k]);

	/* Swap the last n - i elements. */
	int j;
	k = 0;
	for (j = i + 1; j < (n + i) / 2 + 1; ++j, ++k)
		SWAP(v[j], v[n - k - 1]);

	return 0;
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
	int v[128];
	int n = 3;

	/* The initial permutation is 1 2 3 ...*/
	/* P1 */
	int i;
	for (i = 0; i < n; ++i)
		v[i] = i + 1;
	printv(v, n);

	int done = 1;
	do {
		if (!(done = next(v, n)))
			printv(v, n); /* P3 */
	} while (!done);

	return 0;
}